Reliability Analysis of Continuous Structural Systems

This study mainly deals with developing another approximate method for system reliability analysis and its applications to the continuous structures such as an assembly of stiffened cylindrical and rectangular sections used in Tension Leg Platform (TLP). Various methods developed for the structural system reliability analysis are reviewed The developed system reliability method, called herein the "Extended Incremental Load Method", is an extended approach of the conventional incremental load method. It has been developed in order to extend its applicability to the system reliability analysis of a structure under multiple loadings. It directly uses existing component strength formulae in the system analysis and more realistically takes account of the post-ultimate (post-failure) behaviour of a failed component when assessing the system reliability and ultimate strength. This is an important merit of the method over other methods. The method allows for load re-distribution during the development of elasto-plastic moments in large cross-sections under the action of axial and bending forces and in the presence of lateral hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure. The effects of shearing actions are ignored. A search is made for the most important failure modes to give the lowest system safety index. In the method the modified safety margin equation, which has been proposed to use existing strength formulae for principle components of a floating offshore structure, is employed in which the strength modelling parameter is treated as a basic random variable in system reliability analysis as well as component reliability analysis and the concept of the first-order second moment method is adopted to obtain the resistance coefficients and the loading coefficients in the safety margin equation. Details about deriving the safety margin equation by the proposed reliability method, calculation of the total load factor, the procedure of identifying the most important failure modes and flow vectors of principle component are described in the Appendices. Applications to discrete structures are demonstrated to show the validity of the proposed method. The method has been applied to the Hutton TLP and two variants, TLP-A and TLP-B, which are modified models of the Hutton TLP and of the design using TLP Rule Case Committee type loading and improved strength models, under the design environmental loading conditions. Components and systems safety indices of the models, Hutton TLP, TLP-A and TLP-B, are illustrated with three dimensional collapse mechanisms figures. Reserve and reserve strength characteristics are derived for the design as built and for more economical and efficient variations of the design. The TLP form is shown to possess high redundancy and systems safety. Sensitivity studies to changes in stochastic parameters of resistance and loading variables have been carried out. For this purpose the strength modelling parameter, yield stress and certain member sizes are selected as resistance variables, and effects of their mean values and/or coefficients of variation on the system, as well as on the component reliability index, have been investigated. The effects of mean bias and coefficient of variation of load effects, namely, static, quasi-static and dynamic component, on the the system as well as on the component reliability index have also been investigated. The results are discussed with regard to effects of various parameters on safety, with illustrating figures, from which the relative importance of random variables can be seen. As an another important resistance variable, the post-ultimate behaviour of failed components has been taken account of in system reliability assessment, which should be the most important resistance variable affecting the system reliability and the effective residual strength of a structure. Some case studies have been carried out with the simplified non-linear model which has a form of piecewise multi-state (more than two states) and is characterised by the post-ultimate slope and the residual strength. The results are illustrated in figures and tables and discussion made about its effects on the system reliability level. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

Bayesian Prediction of Pre-Stressed Concrete Bridge Deflection Using Finite Element Analysis

Vertical deflection has been emphasized as an important safety indicator in the management of railway bridges. Therefore, various standards and studies have suggested physics-based models for predicting the time-dependent deflection of railway bridges. However, these approaches may be limited by model errors caused by uncertainties in various factors, such as material properties, creep coefficient, and temperature. This study proposes a new Bayesian method that employs both a finite element model and actual measurement data. To overcome the limitations of an imperfect finite element model and a shortage of data, Gaussian process regression is introduced and modified to consider both, the finite element analysis results and actual measurement data. In addition, the probabilistic prediction model can be updated whenever additional measurement data is available. In this manner, a probabilistic prediction model, that is customized to a target bridge, can be obtained. The proposed method is applied to a pre-stressed concrete railway bridge in the construction stage in the Republic of Korea, as an example of a bridge for which accurate time-dependent deflection is difficult to predict, and measurement data are insufficient. Probabilistic prediction models are successfully derived by applying the proposed method, and the corresponding prediction results agree with the actual measurements, even though the bridge experienced large downward deflections during the construction stage. In addition, the practical uses of the prediction models are discussed

RFID Tag Antenna Moutable on Metallic Plates

RFID tag antenna which could be mountable on metallic plate is designed and measured for 900MHz band. The proposed antenna consists of ground plane, substrate (εr = 4.7), feed line with shorted circuit and radiating patch with L-shaped slit. The feed line with shorted circuit is designed for the direct impedance matching between the antenna and the RFID microchip. Especially, it is possible to obtain considerably the easy impedance match with the proposed design. Overall dimension of the proposed antenna is 90×54×5mm3. When the antenna is placed in free space and mounted on 125×150mm2, 250×300mm2 metallic plates, the maximum reading distance is 6m, 4.8m and 5.2m, respectively

Multiple Functions of Nm23-H1 Are Regulated by Oxido-Reduction System

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK, Nm23), a housekeeping enzyme, is known to be a multifunctional protein, acting as a metastasis suppressor, transactivation activity on c-myc, and regulating endocytosis. The cellular mechanisms regulating Nm23 functions are poorly understood. In this study, we identified the modifications and interacting proteins of Nm23-H1 in response to oxidative stress. We found that Cys109 in Nm23-H1 is oxidized to various oxidation states including intra- and inter-disulfide crosslinks, glutathionylation, and sulfonic acid formation in response to H2O2 treatment both in vivo and in vitro. The cross-linking sites and modifications of oxidized Nm23-H1 were identified by peptide sequencing using UPLC-ESI-q-TOF tandem MS. Glutathionylation and oxidation of Cys109 inhibited the NDPK enzymatic activity of Nm23-H1. We also found that thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is an interacting protein of Nm23-H1, and it binds specifically to oxidized Nm23-H1. Oxidized Nm23 is a substrate of NADPH-TrxR1-thioredoxin shuttle system, and the disulfide crosslinking is reversibly reduced and the enzymatic activity is recovered by this system. Oxidation of Cys109 in Nm23-H1 inhibited its metastatic suppressor activity as well as the enzymatic activities. The mutant, Nm23-H1 C109A, retained both the enzymatic and metastasis suppressor activities under oxidative stress. This suggests that key enzymatic and metastasis suppressor functions of Nm23-H1 are regulated by oxido-reduction of its Cys109

Balanced RFID Tag Antenna Mountable on Metallic Plates

A novel balanced tag antenna for radio frequency identification (RFID) system is presented. The radiating elements of two planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) are inductively coupled by the feed loop with out of phase. The balanced structure provides smaller degradation of performances when an RFID tag is mounted on the various sizes of metal plates. The HFSS simulator is employed to analyze the proposed antenna in the design process and to compare with measured results